Role Of Ancient Written Sources In The Formation Of The Old Uzbek Literary Language

This article describes the role of ancient written sources in the emergence of the old Uzbek literary language. Our written heritage has an ancient and rich history, and its comprehensive study based on primary sources is more relevant today than ever. Regardless of how much the research carried out in this area to date has enriched the treasury of our linguistics, we still have a lot of work on the ancient Uzbek language and classical texts in this language.


INTRODUCTION
It is known that the first Turkic written sources began to appear in the 6th century AD. Ancient Turkic words are also found in Chinese sources, from Iranian to Sogdian, Khorezmian and Pahlavi languages. The Uzbek language, which is one of the Turkic The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations (ISSN -2689-100x) Published: September 28, 2020 | Pages: 359-364 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue09-55 - IMPACT FACTOR 2020: 5. 525 languages, has been called by different names for almost one and a half thousand years of its history. The word "Turk" is often mentioned in memoirs of the VI-VIII centuries. Judging by the content of ancient monuments, the word "Turk" originally had a political and social meaning and meant a union of tribes. Although the Old Turkic language was reflected in the written monuments of the Blue Turkic, Uyghur, Maoni, and Brahma scripts in the VI-IX centuries, the most ancient written monuments of this language have not survived.
Those that survived until the threshold of AD are preserved only in the works of Greco-Roman historians with Latin and Greek pronunciations. It is therefore impossible to make any definite judgment about the phonetic and grammatical norms of the old Turkic script or language. In ancient times, Turkic tribes lived in the area from Siberia to the Mediterranean, some settled and some nomadic. The medieval lexicographer Mahmud Kashqari writes in his Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk (Collection of Turkish Words): "In the region from the Greek border in the west to China in the east, Turkish tribes and clans are arranged in the following order: pecheneg, kipchak, oguz, yemen, bashkird, basmil, kayi, yabaku, tatar, kyrgyz, chigil, toxi, yagmo, ugrak, charuk, chomul , Uyghur, Tangut, Chinese ". In the following pages, the author also mentions the Bulgar and Suvar tribes located in the west as Turkic peoples. Ancient tombs and stone inscriptions found in these areas so far also confirm this information.

MAIN PART
This means that the Turkic peoples have lived for thousands of years under different names in Eastern and even Western Europe, Asia Minor, Central Asia and Western Siberia. Although their ethnic affiliation has not changed, at different times, as a result of the dominance of these Turkic peoples and tribes, only differences in their common names have been observed. Peter Friedrich Sum, a Danish scholar who studied the history of the Turkic peoples of Eastern Europe and Asia Minor, came to the conclusion in the 18th century: "The common name of the Turks changed frequently in connection with the victory of one tribe over another. Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Huns, Khazars, Uzs or Komans, Tatars are essentially common names.", admitted.
It has been 1000 years since Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk was written. However, the Turkic peoples still live in the areas mentioned in this play. Now most of them have just changed their names. Of the ancient names, only Tatar, Bashkir, Kyrgyz, Uyghur and Bulgarian terms have survived. Many tribes and clans were part of modern Turkic, Azerbaijani, Uzbek, Tajik, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Karakalpak and other Turkic peoples.
The Old Turkic language laid the foundation for the emergence of the old Uzbek literary language. Uzbek literary language is called "Old Uzbek language" in the linguistics of the last period of XI-XIII centuries. Especially in Central Asia, with the formation of a large centralized state of the Turkic peoples, tribes and clans -the Karakhanids (X-XII centuries), the prestige of the Turkic language increased significantly. The state center was originally Kashgar (Ordukent) and later moved to Uzgen. In the large cities under the protection of the capital, such as Shosh, Sayram, Bolosogun, Samarkand, Bukhara, the scientific and spiritual environment was much developed, and its influence even reached neighboring countries. During this period, such scholars as Mahmud Kashgari, Yusuf Khas Hajib, Ahmad Yugnaki, Ahmad Yassavi, Suleiman Bagirgani were effective. This The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations (ISSN -2689-100x) The strengthening of the political position of the Turkic peoples, their increasing settlement, especially their active participation in the life of the city, served to further increase the prestige of the Turkic languages. As a result, the old Turkic language began to emerge from the interference of many Turkic tribes. Translating this language into a literary language that is understandable to all Turkic tribes; The written monuments of Turkic literature -manuscripts -played an important role in the study of the linguistic features of the Turkic peoples, the norms of vocabulary, the richness of vocabulary and, on this basis, the development of future ways of literary language.
The heyday of the old Uzbek literary language dates back to the XV-XVIII centuries. The works created during this period were a great turning point in the expansion of themes in terms of themes, in terms of quality, and in terms of quantity. Representatives of classical Uzbek literature, such as Haydar Khorezmi, Shaykhzoda Atoi, Mavlono Yusuf Amiri, Mavlono Lutfi, Hussein Boykaro, Alisher Navoi, Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, Turdi Fergani, Sufi Allahyor, Munis Khorezmi and others, who lived and worked in a scientific environment, The literature and literary language of the Karakhanid period, which continued in this way, had a strong influence. Terms of the Turkic language -"Turkish", "Turkish language", "Turkish language" are often mentioned in the works of Alisher Navoi and his contemporaries. These terms refer to the "old Uzbek language". By this time, the thematic aspect of Turkish manuscripts had expanded, their quality had increased, and their quantity had increased. This was the case under the direct patronage and leadership of Hussein Boykaro and Alisher Navoi. Personally, Alisher Navoi himself used these terms in a number of works, leaving a unique scientific and spiritual heritage for the Turkic-speaking peoples.
In particular, the work "Muhokamat ullug'atayn" (Discussion of two languages) was created in the last years of the author's lifewhen he gained a lot of life experience, matured his scientific views, his thoughts were refined and reached the level of perfection. In his work, the author not only compares the two languages, but also compares their unique aspects and scientifically substantiates the unique features of each. In this regard, Navoi draws attention to such important aspects of the Turkic language as its unique sounds, subtle meanings, action verbs and their influence on the content, ambiguity of words, as well as the richness of the Turkic system of terms, The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations (ISSN -2689-100x) Published: September 28, 2020 | Pages: 359-364 Doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue09-55 -IMPACT FACTOR 2020: 5. 525 which is not found in other languages, especially Persian. For example, this sentence in the work is also a proof of our word, "Bu ehtimolg'a xud yo'l bersa bo'lmaskim, turk ulusining xushtab'lari majmui sart tili bila nazm aytqoylar va bilkull turk tili bila aytmag'aylar". Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur gives a clear but accurate assessment of Alisher Navoi's contribution to the history of the Turkic language. Babur says about Navoi's skill, weight and quality of his work: "Alisherbek naziri yo'q kishi erdi. Turkiy til bila to she'r aytubdurlar, hech kim oncha ko'b va xo'b aytqon emas"( Alisherbek was a unique man. They recited poems in Turkish, but no one recited so much).
Almost all works of Alisher Navoi were written in Uzbek. The poet's work in this language has become a constant spiritual companion not only of the Uzbeks, but of all Turkic peoples. We find his works in many copies throughout Movarounnahr, Khorasan, East Turkestan, Turkey, Iran, the Urals, the Volga region, Siberia, Azerbaijan, Crimea, India, Egypt and other countries.
Sufi Olloyar, a 17th-18th century thinker and writer, also wrote his scientific and literary work "Sabot ul-Ojizin" in Uzbek. Of course, the main goal of the author was to preserve the linguistic features of the Uzbek language, to focus on its renewal and development. That is why this work has been taught and continues to be taught from the time it was written to the present day.
Although printing of Turkic texts began in the early 19th and early 20th centuries, most of them were translations of large volumes of Arabic and Persian books into Uzbek. One of the translations of such a great work of jurisprudence was made by Rahimhoja Eshan, and the scholar translated from "Mukhtasar ul-Viqaya" from Arabic into Uzbek by Ubaydullah ibn Mas'ud, a well-known jurist of the 14th century who received the title of "Taju-Sharia". The author followed the path of expressing this translation in verse and successfully completed it and named the book "Nazmi Mukhtasar al-Viqaya". The translation was completed in three months in 1887 and was first published in the same year. In the introduction to the work, the author, nicknamed "Khatmi", says that he started this work at the request of his Turkic-speaking friends. In particular, he states that he decided to finish this work in Turkish because of the slow development of science in Turkestan, in particular, due to the lack of resources on the science of jurisprudence. Today, some of these languages are spoken by millions of people, while others, such as Tufah and Shor in Siberia, are spoken by only 500-600 people. In general, Turkic languages are the seventh most widely spoken language in the world. According to the latest data, more than 300 million people in the world now speak Turkish.
Today, classical Turkish sources on our language and literature, such as Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk, Kutadgu Bilig (Knowledge that leads to happiness), Hibatul haqayiq (Gift of Truths), Devoni Hikmat, written in the old script until the beginning of the 20th century. Thanks to the study of the ideological and textual basis, we have preserved the long past of our nation, fully understood the essence of their content and presented it to future generations.
So, the roots of the Uzbek language are very deep and very rich. In particular, our ancestors, who were deeply attached to the teachings, morality and education of Islam and who enjoyed its pure faith with great grace and enthusiasm, classified countless masterpieces in this way. It is no exaggeration to say that they were written in Greek, Arabic, Persian and Russian, but the original roots lay in the very heart of the Turkic people. Hence, language is the soul of a nation and a history of constant movement. Its past and present are expressed in language. The most important witness to the survival of the nation is language.