Cotton Production Development In Bukhara Emirate During The Late XIX – Early XX Centuries

This article highlights such problems as the development of agriculture and cotton growing in the Bukhara Emirate at the end of the XX century; the policy of the Russian Empire of cotton growing after the conquest of the Bukhara Emirate; construction of the first cotton processing plants in the Bukhara emirate, as well as the expansion of land for growing cotton; leasing of a large number of Emirate lands as a result of the increased demand for cotton by the Russian Empire.


INTRODUCTION
By the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, cotton growing became one of the main occupations of the population in the agriculture of the oasis, and the opportunities for its export expanded. The expansion of cotton fields had a negative impact on the development of horticulture, horticulture, viticulture and animal husbandry. Cotton was grown mainly on fertile lands and required a lot of labor and weekly watering. This plant was planted in Surkhandarya, Kashkadarya and Zarafshan oases, in the districts around The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations (ISSN -2689-100x)

MAIN PART
In the 70s of the XIX century in the Emirate of Bukhara cotton was grown mainly in the Surkhandarya, Kashkadarya and Zarafshan oases. In his report, Meyendorf emphasizes that the people of the Bukhara Emirate are engaged in agriculture and benefit greatly from it. It also addresses obstacles to agricultural development, such as the nomadic lifestyle of the majority of the population, the lack of water to irrigate arable land, the lack of modern tillage, and the availability of wheat, moss, sesame, flax, beans, barley, oats, cotton, described the sowing of sesame crops [1].
By the end of the 19th century, the main crop of the population in the Bukhara Emirate was cotton. Cotton was planted on fertile land and required a lot of labor and weekly watering. The cotton planting period lasted from April 15 to April 25, and the harvest was from August 15 to September 10 [2]. The people of Bukhara prepared oil from cotton seeds and sold it in the markets for 4 to 10 coins. In the markets of Bukhara, a cotton batman was sold for 48-52 coins, for example, in the markets of Karshi and its environs for 42-46 coins, and a gin of ginned cotton was sold for 6-8 coins [3].
Cotton was grown more in the districts around Bukhara, as well as in Miyankol, Karmana and Samarkand, with good yields and good quality. Cotton grown in Karshi and Chorjoi had a low yield and a much lower quality [4]. N.Khanykov writes that in addition to cotton, tobacco and alfalfa are the main crops in the emirate. He also mentioned two types of cotton: "Go'zaisafed", which is of good quality and purity, and "Go'zaimaka", which is red in color and is used to extract more oil from the seed [5].
After the conquest of Central Asia by the Russian Empire, the Emirate of Bukhara was recognized as a major center of cotton growing among the khanates. According to the data, by the third quarter of the XIX century in the UAE was grown 1.0-1.2 million pounds of cotton. The annual cotton harvest from the principalities was about 205,000 batmans or 1,640,000 pounds [6]. According to Massalsky, the principalities of the Bukhara Emirate produced about the following amount of cotton a year. OCLC -1121105668 expense of agricultural products imported from Eastern Bukhara. In the years of low productivity, the needs of the emirate's population in rice and grain products were met by imports from Turkestan and Russia.
Among the local cotton varieties grown in Central Asia, the Bukhara variety has good quality and is distinguished by its fiber length (fiber length 22-23 mm). The Bukhara variety is also considered to be more popular than cotton grown in other parts of Central Asia (silk cotton) [9].
The development of the textile industry in Russia has led to a sharp increase in demand for cotton. For example, Russia's cotton industry in 1885 was worth $ 7 million. pud in 1895. 8.5 million pud. By 1905, 18 million pounds of cotton had been processed. The sharp increase in demand for cotton in the Russian textile industry has led to problems in the textile industry with raw cotton. To meet the needs of the cotton industry, the Russian government has begun to pay more attention to expanding the area under cotton in the Bukhara Emirate. In 1861, the price of a pound of cotton imported from Central Asia was 5.52 rubles in Russia. In 1861, the amount of cotton imported from America to Russia was drastically reduced. As a result, the price of cotton in Russian markets has risen several times. By 1864, the price of a pound of cotton had risen to 20.12 rubles [10].
Until the 1980s, the emirate was cultivating local cotton. In 1888, the Russian merchant S. Mazov rented 30 acres of land from the Bukhara government and planted an American cotton variety, proving that it yielded more than local cotton [11].
After that, the establishment of cotton plantations in Central Asia began with the introduction of the cultivation of the American cotton variety in order to obtain a high and quality crop of cotton. In 1888, with the consent of the Emir of Bukhara, American cotton was planted in the Zarafshan oasis. The first American cotton planted that year yielded a good harvest [12]. American cotton required more labor, extra cost, and more water than the local cotton navigator. It was also not adapted to local conditions. In addition, the American cotton variety is 12 rubles, which is 2 rubles more expensive than local cotton. As a result of measures taken by the Russian Empire to develop cotton growing, the area under cotton gradually expanded and yields increased. By 1913, in the Emirate of Bukhara, 60,000 acres of local cotton were planted on 2,000 acres of American cotton . The cotton harvested in 1913 was 2 million 375 thousand poods , while by 1915 about 3 million poods of cotton had been grown [15].
As a result of the First World War, the import of cotton to America from America and Egypt was significantly reduced. As a result, the price of cotton imported from Central Asia has risen in Russia. Therefore, the area under cotton in the eastern part of the Bukhara Emirate has also expanded. In Sherabad, Denau, Boysun, Gissar, Qurghonteppa, Qabodiyon, Kulob principalities [16], cotton growing has also become a leader in agriculture. In these areas, along with local cotton, American cotton began to be planted in large areas.
In 1915, the Russian government brought 17 wagons of American cotton seeds from Fergana to develop cotton growing and distributed them to farmers in Bukhara. By the beginning of the 20th century, the cotton fields in the emirate had increased 5-6 times. Thus, cotton became the main crop of the population in agriculture, and farmers began to benefit well from the cotton crop.
From the 80s to 90s of the XIX century to the beginning of the XX century, Russian entrepreneurs tried to spend their main investment on irrigating the protected and gray lands of the emirate, expanding the area under cotton there. The issue of land lease from the Bukhara government was first raised by Captain A. Ananev and Prince G. Andronnikov's carried on. On February 23, 1912, they signed a 17-point agreement with the Bukhara government. According to him, 72.5 thousand desiatins of land in the territory of Sherabad and Boysun principalities were leased for 99 years [17].
This was the first major agreement with the Bukhara Emirate. The lands leased by Ananev were 12,000 desiatins from Karakamar district, 23,000 desiatins from Beshkhotin district, 30,000 desiatins from Angor district, 1,500 desiatins from Kirgakboy district, and 6,000 desiatins from Yangiariq district for irrigating leased land. Ananev was given the right to receive 9 cubic meters of water from Surkhandarya every year from March 1 to October 1, and 4 cubic meters at other times [18].
In 1912, Prince M. Andronnikov, with the intervention of the Russian government, leased 25,000 hectares of land (concession) from the Karshi desert. By 1913, Andronnikov had leased 80,000 acres of land from Karshi. Agent of the Russian-Asian Bank Stovba with the help of Turkestan Governor-General A.V. Samsonov, in 1913 he rented 10,000 acres of land in the territory of the Qabodiyon principality and began to grow cotton [19]. He planned to dig canals from the right bank of the Amudarya to irrigate these areas as well. The leasing of large tracts of land from the Bukhara region to Russian entrepreneurs has been on the rise. The local population and the Bukhara government have repeatedly expressed their dissatisfaction with the Russian government.
Then, in 1914, the Russian government amended the regulation on the lease of large areas of land from the territory of Bukhara to Russian entrepreneurs. According to the new charter, with the consent of the Bukhara government, up to 5,000 desiatins of land can be leased from the Bukhara region, and the

CONCLUSION
After the Russian Empire invaded the country, it began to expand irrigated land to meet its cotton needs. Thus, by the beginning of the XX century, the Emirate of Bukhara has accumulated a great deal of experience in the cultivation of cotton, and created an important raw material base for Russia. Also, due to the growing demand of the Russian government for cotton, the lease of large areas of land in the territory of the Bukhara Emirate has increased.